In early studies, code-switches between a subject pronoun and a finite verb were considered highly dispreferred or even impossible. Finally, sibling groups using both the heritage and the majority languages in their interactions show low code-switching rates. When families have chosen the ‘one person-one language’ strategy and do not have a family language, code-switching is almost absent. Interestingly, balanced and heritage-language-dominant children present instances of intrasentential code-switching (particularly insertions and alternations), while intersentential code-switching is frequent across all groups. In a nutshell, children who are dominant in the majority language ultimately code-switch more frequently than the other groups. For the appearance of code-switching, our cross-sectional study analyses language dominance (MLU) and fluency (w/minute) along with child-external factors, such as family language policies, family language and siblings’ interaction, in sixteen multilingual children (mean age 5 7) being raised in Germany with German and Catalan (and another L1) simultaneously. ![]() The appearance of code-switching in the productions of multilingual speakers has been well attested and has been mostly linked to age and language dominance as well as family language policies and consistence of input, among other factors. In heritage language acquisition studies, it has been observed that heritage speakers may experience a shift of language dominance from the heritage language to the majority language due to input quantity and quality factors.
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